The UK government has made major strides in strengthening its international trade relationships this May, concluding three key agreements with India (6 May), the United States (8 May), and the European Union (19 May).

These agreements could reshape trade routes and sourcing decisions, reduce costs, and create new opportunities for exporters and importers alike. With further negotiations under way with Gulf nations, the UK is expanding its global footprint.

UK-EU Agreement Reduces Border Friction
The updated UK-EU agreement, the first substantial step forward in post-Brexit cooperation, sets out revised terms for trade, fishing rights and defence collaboration. Of particular note is the reduction in bureaucracy around food shipments, with most routine checks on animal and plant products travelling between the UK and EU scrapped.

This could significantly ease the administrative burden and reduce delays for companies dealing in perishable goods. However, details on how the agreement affects the movement of non-food goods, including machinery, textiles and other industrial or consumer products, remain to be clarified.

While the deal does not represent a return to the frictionless trade of the pre-Brexit era, it is an encouraging signal that practical cooperation is possible. For businesses that rely on predictable cross-border movements, this agreement may help restore a degree of confidence.

US Agreement Offers Narrow, Targeted Relief
Despite being framed as a “trade deal”, the UK-US agreement is a limited, sector-specific tariff arrangement rather than a full-scale free trade agreement. That said, it delivers tangible relief in several key areas.

For UK exporters of vehicles, the US has cut its tariff from 25% to 10%, but only for up to 100,000 vehicles annually. This mirrors the volume of UK exports in 2024, but it places a hard ceiling on further growth, with exports above that threshold subject to a 27.5% tariff.

The removal of 25% tariffs on UK steel and aluminium also brings welcome relief to manufacturers. However, these benefits come with conditions, including expected quotas and continued duties on certain products made with these metals, such as gym equipment and industrial machinery.

While the UK has dropped some tariffs on US food and agricultural products, reciprocal benefits for UK exporters beyond the automotive and metal sectors remain limited. A blanket 10% US tariff still applies to most other UK goods, and a 25% tariff on UK automotive parts remains in place. Details on additional product categories, including consumer goods and manufactured components, are expected in due course.

The deal is a step forward, but it leaves a patchwork of tariffs and quotas that will require careful navigation. Legal and regulatory uncertainties will persist in the months ahead as negotiations continue and further details emerge.

India Deal Signals Long-Term Growth Potential
The UK’s agreement with India stands out as the most comprehensive and forward-looking of the three deals. It includes significant tariff reductions and market access improvements across a wide range of products, and is forecast to increase bilateral trade by £25.5 billion annually by 2040.

UK exports set to benefit include whisky, gin, aerospace components, medical devices, cosmetics, and high-end vehicles. In return, the UK will lower tariffs on Indian exports such as clothing, footwear, frozen foodstuffs, jewellery, and processed goods.

For importers, the deal offers more competitive access to one of the world’s fastest-growing economies. For exporters, it opens the door to India’s expanding middle class, which is already larger than the entire population of the EU and is hungry for high-quality, internationally branded products.

Beyond tariffs, the agreement promises to streamline customs procedures and reduce non-tariff barriers, improvements that will be welcomed by any business frustrated by red tape or unpredictable clearance processes. However, the full legal text is yet to be published, and the final impact will depend on detailed implementation rules, particularly around rules of origin and product classifications.

Looking at Gulf Nations Opportunities
Speaking to the BBC on 20 May, Chancellor Rachel Reeves confirmed that the UK’s next strategic focus is on securing trade agreements with countries in the Gulf, including Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Qatar. Ongoing discussions aim to boost UK exports of food and drink, renewable energy technologies, and manufactured goods, while encouraging more inward investment.

Reeves also clarified that the government is “not looking to have trade negotiations” with China, which draws a line under speculation about future UK-China trade relations for the foreseeable future.

Implications for UK Businesses
For UK businesses, whether they import raw materials or finished goods, or export to overseas markets, these deals bring both opportunity and complexity. While tariff reductions and customs streamlining can offer immediate cost savings and efficiency gains, the sector-specific and quota-based nature of the agreements means that success will depend on careful planning and informed decision-making.

The three deals signal a broader shift in the UK’s trade strategy, one that favours targeted, bilateral agreements over sweeping free trade pacts. They also reflect a pragmatic effort to strengthen links with fast-growing economies and key strategic allies.

As implementation details unfold and further negotiations continue, UK businesses will need to stay agile, review their supply chains, and consider how to best take advantage of the new landscape.

Metro’s established freight services, in-house customs brokerage, and on-the-ground teams in both India and the United States mean we’re uniquely placed to help UK businesses respond to this new trade landscape.

Whether you’re reviewing sourcing strategies, navigating new tariffs, or planning market entry, our experts can support you with compliant, cost-effective solutions across every mode and market.

EMAIL Managing Director, Andrew Smith to explore how we can optimise your global trade strategy.